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　　语音学是研究言语声音(即语音)的语言学分支学科。狭义的语音学对应英语中phonetics(发音)一词，关切的重点在具体语音本质以及产生语音的方法，与之相对的是音韵学(或称音系学)，研究音位或语音区别特征在某种语言中运作的抽象规则和语音的系统。广义的语音学是指这两大方面研究的总合。语言学中的语音学主要是狭义的语音学。

　　语音学是语言学介绍的第一章节的内容，因为语音是最小的语言单位，在此基础上构成单词，句子，才有接下来的形态学和句法学。语音学主要涉及到三个知识点，一是语音学的定义，二是语音学的分类，三是元音和辅音。
 

　　一、语音学的定义

　　The study of the speech sounds that occur in all human languages is called phonetics. The task of phonetics is to identify what are speech sounds in a language and then to study their characteristics.

　　对于语言学来说，每一个微观分支下最需要掌握的就是定义，学会把握微观语言学定义的核心关键词是记忆概念的要点。

　　二、语音学的分类

　　According to the process of speech production and perception, phonetics includes three branches: articulatory phonetics, auditory phonetics, and acoustic phonetics.

　　(1) Articulatory phonetics: It is a branch of phonetics which is the study of the production of speech sounds.

　　(2) Auditory phonetics: It is a branch of phonetics which studies the sounds from the hearer's point of view, that is, how the sounds are perceived by the hearer.

　　(3) Acoustic phonetics: It is a branch of phonetics which studies the physical properties of the sounds produced in speech.
 

　　三、元音和辅音

　　(1)元音(元音的定义和分类标准)

　　Vowels are sounds produced without obstruction, so no turbulence or a total stopping of the

　　air can be perceived.

　　The criteria of vowel description are as follows：

　　The height of the tongue raising 一 high, mid, low;

　　The position of the highest part of the tongue 一 front, central, back;

　　The length or tenseness of the vowel—long, short or tense, lax;

　　The shape of the lips—rounded, unrounded.

 

　　(2) 辅音(辅音的定义和分类标准)

　　Consonants are sounds produced by constricting or obstructing the vocal tract at some place to divert, impede or completely shut off the flow of air in the oral cavity.

　　The classifications of consonants are as follows:

　　By manner of articulation: The consonants can be grouped into stops, nasals, fricatives, approximants, laterals, trill, tap, flap and affricates. In English, [ p, b, t, d, k, g] are stops; [m,n,g] are nasals; [f,v,θ,ð,s,z,ʃ,Ʒ,h] are fricatives; [w,ɪ,j] are approximants; [l] is a lateral; [ts, dz, tr, dr] are affricates.

　　By place of articulation: The consonants can be grouped into bilabials, labiodentals, dentals, alveolars, postalveolars, retro-flex, palatals, velars, uvulars, pharyngeals, and glottal. In English, [p, b, m]are bilabials; [f,v] are labiodentals; [θ,ð] are dentals; [t, d, n, s, z, ɪ, l] are alveolars; [ʃ,Ʒ] are postalveolars; [ j] is a palatal; [ k,g,η] are velars; [ h] is a glottal.

 

　　(3) 协同发音

　　It refers to the process of simultaneous or overlapping articulations when sounds show the influence of their neighbors. It includes anticipatory coarticulation and preservative coarticulation.

　　Anticipatory coarticulation: If the sound becomes more like the following sound, as in the

　　case of lamb, it is known as anticipatory coarticulation.

　　Preservative coarticulation: If the sound becomes more like the preceding sound, as in the case of map, we call this process preservative coarticulation.

　　Phonetic transcription: It includes the narrow transcription and the broad transcription. Phonetic transcriptions are placed between square brackets ([ ]).

　　这部分需要重视的一点是，协同发音属于语音学的范畴，要对这个概念有明确的认识。

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